When I started my first digital picture frame DIY project in 2014, I looked at many potential computer hardware solutions. But then I discovered the Raspberry Pi, and have remained faithful to the platform until today.

In this post, I will tell you why I think it remains one of the best, if not the best, hardware solution for a digital picture frame.

And with the Raspberry Pi 4 in 2019 and the Raspberry Pi 5 in 2023, I wonder if any competitor will stand a chance to catch up anytime soon.

Small computers with huge potential

The introduction of minicomputer boards has created many new applications for home and business.

Whereas a typical Intel or AMD motherboard used to be rather large and demanded an ample power supply, the modern single-board ARM computers have a credit card-sized form factor and only require a small power supply.

This has made them ideal for all sorts of do-it-yourself projects for hobbyists, but also many commercial applications.

When I looked at possible hardware options in 2014, I came up with these requirements that still hold precisely as they were today:

  • 0 dB noise. This means fan-less operation and no other moving parts
  • HDMI video output capable of driving a 24 inches monitor with a resolution of 1920 x 1200 px and ideally 4k
  • A small form factor, ideally credit card-sized, which can be glued onto the back of a computer display and does not have a height exceeding 1.2 inches/3 cm
  • Power consumption of fewer than 10 watts
  • Enough CPU (main processor) and GPU (graphics) power to run an advanced image viewer software

Regarding an operating system, I quickly concluded that using a Microsoft Windows or Apple macOS operating system would be overkill, so the choice for Linux was an obvious one.

Back then, the Raspberry Pi was the clear leader in minicomputers and the easy choice for my project. But in 2019, would I still recommend it as the best option?

Another fruit company conquers the world

The Raspberry Pi is the brand name for a series of small single-board computers developed by a foundation in the UK. It intended to promote computer science in schools and developing countries, and yes, they have reached that goal.

Tens of millions of these credit card-sized minicomputers have been sold worldwide, and it triggered a whole generation of young and old(er) people to learn about programming.

The Raspberry Pi may be a bit too slow for use in an office, but it is great for tinkering with electronics, experimenting, home automation, and generally for projects called the Internet of Things (IoT). And it proved to be the perfect platform for my digital picture frame project.

The technical data sheet sounds unimpressive compared to Intel desktop computers. Even the current members of the Raspberry family, the Pi 4 and the Pi 5, offer rather modest CPU performance and memory next to a desktop machine. But still, this is probably more computing power than Neil Armstrong and his colleagues had in their capsule for the first moon landing and plenty for a digital picture frame project.

What I like about it is the average power consumption of 3-4 watts which is probably less than the standby power of your television. Whatever your motive may be to keep an eye on power consumption, it just feels right to have a device that is very energy efficient.

A current board costs somewhere between US$50/€50 and US$80/€80 depending on how much memory you want, so experimenting with it is not a too expensive endeavor to undertake. You need to add a power supply, a case, and an SD card, so the final tab will be around 100 but still reasonable.

No great hardware can thrive without an ecosystem of software developers, and this is where the Raspberry Pi shines exceptionally bright. Millions of enthusiastic fans resulted in a vast number of Raspberry Pi forums, clubs, and developers all around the world openly sharing their knowledge and findings to build yet another fantastic application.

Even the model from 2014, the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B, had enough horsepower for my digital picture frame. Over four years later, the original picture frame is still running flawlessly much to the delight of friends & family.

And unlike mobile phone operating systems which appear to get slower with every upgrade on the same hardware platform, this is not the case with Raspberry Pi OS, a Debian derivative (Linux).

When I originally wrote this article, I stated that there were a number of hardware alternatives to choose from and I mentioned the ODROID-C2 as an example.

With the introduction of the Raspberry Pi 4, I don’t believe anymore that there are real alternatives on the market. This is not just a function of the much-improved hardware but of the ever-increasing user community around the Raspberry Pi.

Raspberry Pi 4

The Raspberry Pi 4, released in June 2019, was a huge upgrade to his predecessors. The most relevant improvement for homebrewers of digital picture frames is obviously the ability to drive 4K monitors with a resolution of 3840 x 2160 px. Not only one but two!

The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B

The CPU has received a slight bump to 1.5 GHz and Bluetooth 5 is also part of the standard package. Plus you can now order the Raspberry Pi with up to 8 GB in RAM.

What I find a bit inconvenient in the latest models (starting with Raspberry Pi 3 B+), is that the SD card slot has no spring ejection anymore. When I first got it, I thought that my model was broken and was ready to send it back. But after some internet research, I discovered that this was the new technical design. My worry that it could slide out is probably unfounded in a digital picture frame application, but I prefer tight connectors. Also, when your case is fastened onto a surface (in my case glued to the back of the monitor), you now have to take the motherboard out of the case to change the SD card. This was easier with previous models although taking the SD card out always required long fingernails or something like a paper clip.

However, to put this into perspective: The addition of 4K is a big plus, the more RAM very lovely, and I only really change the SD card during testing and setting up, so it’s not much of a deal.

The size hasn’t changed, and power consumption with the digital picture frame application running remains at 3-4 watts, about 1 watt more than with the older model 3 B+.

It no longer costs US$35, though. The useful memory tiers have moved up, and so have the prices — reckon on roughly US$50 to US$80 plus power supply and SD card, depending on the model and the amount of RAM.

Long live the fruit companies

And then the Raspberry Pi 5

The Pi 4 stopped being the newest Pi in October 2023, when the Raspberry Pi 5 arrived. It has a faster processor, the same two 4K HDMI outputs (now both capable of 4Kp60), a PCIe connector, a connector for a real-time-clock battery, and it usually wants an active cooler and a 5 V / 5 A USB-C supply rather than the 3 A one a Pi 4 is happy with. There is a Pi 500 too, which is a Pi 5 built into a keyboard.

For a picture frame, the honest answer is that the extra horsepower mostly does not matter. Photographs look identical on both boards. What separates them is video: a Pi 4 will play 1080p comfortably, a Pi 5 will play 4K. So if your frame shows photographs, or video up to 1080p, the Pi 4 is still my pick. If you want 4K video on the wall, get the Pi 5. I have written that decision up in more detail in which Raspberry Pi should you get.

The clone wars

The success of the Raspberry Pi has inspired many vendors to come up with their own brands. It’s a bit like the clone wars of the 1980s after the launch of the IBM PC. There is a Banana Pi, an Orange Pi, a NanoPi, and a few more with or without “Pi” in their name.

The wording “clone” is technically not quite correct as there is no direct compatibility with the hardware of the original Raspberry Pi.

So, if something works on the Raspberry Pi, it is not guaranteed to work on the clone as driver issues can introduce a lot of complications. “Pi” vendors try to benefit from the positive image of the Raspberry Pi series, but in reality, the clone may have little to do with the original.

None of them can beat the Raspberry Pi on price. Most of them come with a more performant CPU, but this is not relevant for a digital picture frame application. My average CPU load on the Raspberry Pi 4 is less than 5%, so there is just no need for more horsepower.

The difference regarding software and community support means clones are only a suitable substitute in some cases and you may end up spending many hours fixing bugs that you don’t see on a Raspberry Pi.

All the tutorials on this website are working on a Raspberry Pi computer. There is no guarantee that this will work on any of the other Pis.

I fail to see a real advantage in recommending the Pi clones. They are often more expensive and don’t necessarily have anything that would make a real difference for this use case.

But what about Intel NUC and similarly sized minicomputers? The reason why I have not included them in this post is that their price is about ten times that of the Raspberry Pi and they have much larger physical dimensions and the space behind the monitor is very limited.

Introducing 4K

When I originally wrote this article, the most up-to-date model was the Raspberry Pi 3 B+. And what this model lacked badly was support for 4K monitors.

In June 2019 Christmas came early with the introduction of the Raspberry Pi 4 which not only featured one 4K HDMI output but two! You can now drive screens with a resolution of 3840 x 2160 px allowing to bring utmost sharpness to even large digital picture frames.

This is where other ARM-based minicomputers had been able to offer a real advantage. At least in theory, because I am hearing about many driver issues that make it difficult to exploit this advantage. But this advantage is no more.

The 4K road ahead

I have written an article on how to make a great 4K digital picture frame with outstanding image transitions in 4K.

One issue that has kept me from building it today is the lack of a decent 27 or 30 inches high 4K monitor with an aspect ratio of 16:10. If they exist, please send me an email.

I haven’t been able to find them except for some extremely bulky and expensive models for medical applications. 16:10 is essential to avoid cropping too much from a standard 3:2 camera photo.

Conclusion

If you want to build a digital picture frame, pick a Raspberry Pi as your computing hardware of choice.

Which one depends on video. For photographs, or video up to 1080p, the Raspberry Pi 4 is my pick. For 4K video, get the Raspberry Pi 5.

One thing has changed since I first wrote this, and it matters: it is no longer true that any Pi from the 2 Model B+ upwards will do. The current frame software, picframe3, renders with OpenGL ES 3, which only the Pi 4, 400 and 5 provide — the Pi 2, Pi 3 and Zero 2 W stop at OpenGL ES 2 and are not supported. Those older boards still make a perfectly good frame, but only on the older Pi3D route, described in the 2025 Bookworm guide. I am deliberately keeping that guide online for exactly this reason.

CPU performance doesn’t matter for the digital picture frame use case. What matters is compatibility, reliability, and clear instructions that you can follow.

The Raspberry Pi has the most substantial following of any ARM single-board computer. The amount of guides, tutorials, and software available for the Raspberry Pi is unmatched by any other board.

All the DIY tutorials on this site are currently for the Raspberry Pi. So if you are interested in producing a result quickly and reliably, this is the road to take.